The Dynamics Of Plane Flight | Aeroplane Flying Mechanism

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The Dynamics Of Plane Flight | Aeroplane Flying Mechanism

The quest to fly obviously became a dream at some point for men as technology grew. This evolved when the challenge of covering distances in shorter time became a necessity.

That was when the research into the dynamics of flight began! Before that was done, the properties and physics of air were layed out.

So basically, What is Air?

Air is a mixture of different gases: oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. It is a physical substance which has mass and certainly, weight. It contains molecules which are constantly in motion.
As a result of the constant motion of the molecules of air, pressure is created. This pressure is associated with a force that can either push or pull on objects and depending on thrust and theories relating to equilibrium, it can create a lift force.

Knowing that the motion of the air molecules is what result in the forces created, either a lift, drag, push or pull etc. The laws of motion had to be outlined in order to acertain and understand the motion that will result in each case, the best way to control them and the resulting forces to balance them.

The Laws of Motion

In 1665, Sir Isaac Newton proposed three laws of motion. These Laws of Motion help to explain how the motion of air results in a planes flights.

• If an object is at rest, it will continue to be at rest until it is acted upon by an external force. If an object is in motion, it will not stop or change direction unless a force deviates it.

• Objects will continue to experience an increase in velocity as more force is applied.

• When an object undergoes an action in one direction, there is always an opposite reaction of the same magnitude (size) in the opposite direction.

So, as air molecules move and forces are generated, what are the forces that result in flight?

Forces associated with plane flight

Regarding the flights of planes, there are basically four forces associated with the movement and flight direction. They are:

Lift force – upward

Drag force – backward

Weight – downward

Thrust – forward

Virtually all these forces interact in the airplane wings.

The lift is created as a result of foil designs.

The AIRFOIL TECHNOLOGY was the major breakthrough in the aircraft design in 1903 by the Wright brothers.

They used the technology in designing the WRIGHT FLYER inwhich the wings were a major flight component.

The wings are controlled with other attachments such as aileron, rudder and elevator etc.

They are all associated with a function known as flight navigation.

How the Wings Lift the Plane

Airplane wings are shaped to make air move faster over the top of the wing.

From theory, when air moves faster, there is a decrease in the pressure of the air. So, it causes the pressure of air on the top of the wing to be less than that on the bottom.

This difference in pressure creates a force (lift force) on the wing that lifts the wing up into the air.

Being that the plane is already in the air, for it to remain in the air without falling, the lift force and the weight of the plane has to be at equilibrium at every point.

This is achieved by the pilot with controls. He can decide to either ascend and maintain equilibrium or descend and maintain equilibrium depending on the stipulated flight altitude.

What Controls the Flight Direction of the Plane?

How does a plane fly? I mean, how does it moves in the air as a bird would do.

Looking at the bird, the mammal may fly up, fly down, and even roll sometimes to assume another co-ordinate.

Now, how were these motions engineered in the plane design and how do they work?.

The aileron, elevator and rudder and spoilers were the engineering adopted.

Let’s assume that our arms are wings. If we place one down and the other up. Practically, we would be able to roll and yaw (rotate about the vertical axis).

If we raise our nose, like a pilot can raise the nose of the plane, we are raising the pitch or height of the plane. All these movements altogether combine to control the flight of the plane.

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There are levers and buttons that the pilot can push to change the yaw, pitch and roll of the plane with the aileron, elevator and rudder.

• Roll: To roll the plane to the right or left, the ailerons are raised by the pilot on one wing and lowered on the other. The wing with the lowered aileron rises while the wing with the raised aileron drops.

• Pitch: Pitch accounts for the plane’s descend or climb. The pilot adjusts the elevators on the tail of the plane to make it descend or climb. Lowering the elevators causes the airplane’s nose to drop, sending the plane into a down motion.
• Raising the elevators causes the airplane to climb.

• Yaw: This is the turning of the plane. When the rudder is turned to one side, the airplane moves left or right accordingly. The airplane’s nose is pointed in the same direction as the direction of the rudder. The rudder and the ailerons are used together to make a turn.

How does the pilot control the plane flight

The flight control makes use of a technology known as the fly-by-wire system. The control area is called the COCKPIT!

To control a plane a pilot uses several instruments…

• The engine power is controlled by the pilot using the throttle. Pushing the throttle increases power, and pulling it decreases power. The throttle power determine the trust force. (Forward movement of the plane). The drag force (backward resistant force) has to be overcome by the trust force before the plane can move.

• The pilot is able to control the roll of the plane by raising one aileron or the other with a control wheel. The turning of the control wheel clockwise raises the right aileron and lowers the left aileron, this rolls the aircraft to the right. The reverse can also be done.

The pilot moves the rudder left and right, with left and right pedals.

Pressing the right rudder pedal moves the rudder to the right yawning the aircraft to the right and vice versa.

• The pilot uses a control wheel to raise and lower the elevators. Lowering the elevators makes the plane nose go down allowing the whole plane to go down. Raising the elevators by the pilot makes the plane go up.

• The pilot pushes the top part of the rudder pedals to use the brakes. The brakes are used when the plane is on the ground to slow down the plane and get ready for a stop. The top of the left pedal controls the left brake while the top of the right pedal controls the right brake.

Additional information.

The fuel required for the engine of the plane is stored in the large tanks of the wings.

During landing, appart from lowering the elevator which causes the plane to desend, the drag force has to be increased in other to reduce the lift. The spoiler which is also a wing attachment is used to accelerate the increase of the drag force.

The increase of the drag results in the lowering of the plane with the engine still running.

Soft landing is achieved by the ability of the pilot to properly control the elevator, spoilers and brakes.

Tha’s the much we can take on the topic “The Dynamics Of Plane Flight | Aeroplane Flying Mechanism“.

Thanks For Reading

O3SCHOOLS TEAM

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